SOCIALISM:
UTOPIAN
AND
SCIENTIFIC

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  ^[1] The Foreword to the French Edition of Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, written by Marx in French around May 4-5, 1880, was first published under the signature of Paul Lafargue, who had prepared the French translation of Engels' pamphlet. On Marx's manuscript there is a postscript written by Marx to Lafargue, stating that the introduction was a result of consultation with Engels, and asking Lafargue to "correct the wording, leave the facts intact".    [p.1]

  ^[2] La Revue socialiste (The Socialist Review ) -- a monthly founded by Benoit Malon, a French petty-bourgeois socialist, who later became a Possibilist (this opportunist trend proposed limiting the workers' struggle to the "possible" -- hence the name). First as the organ of the republican socialists and then as that of the syndicalists and the co-operative movement, La Revue socialiste was published in 1880 in Lyons and Paris and from 1885 to 1914 in Paris. Marx and Engels wrote for the magazine in the 1880s.    [p.1]

  ^[3] Engels, Anti-Dühring. Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science.    [p.1]

  ^[4] Deutsch-Französische Jahrhücher (German-French Yearbooks ) -- a German publication edited by Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge. Actually, only one issue, a double number, came out in February 1844. In addition to Marx's "Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung" ("A Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction"), the issue contained other essays by Marx and Engels, which marked the authors' adoption of a materialist and communist standpoint.    [p.1]

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  ^[5] This refers to the German Workers' Association in Brussels, founded by Marx and Engels towards the end of August 1847. Its aim was the political education of German workers living in Belgium and the propagation of scientific communism.    [p.2]

  ^[6] Deutsche-Brusseler-Zeitung (German Brussels Gazette ) -- a paper founded by German political emigrants in Brussels, published from January 1847 to February 1848. Originally its guiding line was determined by the publisher and editor Adalbert von Bornstedt, a petty-bourgeois democrat, who sought to reconcile the various trends among the radical and democratic parties. However, under the influence of Marx and Engels and their comrades-in-arms, from the summer of 1847 the paper became a mouthpiece for revolutionary-democratic and communist ideas. From September 1847 on, Marx and Engels were constant contributors and exerted a strong influence on editorial policy. In the last months of 1847 the paper was actually guided by them and became the organ of the Communist League.    [p.2]

  ^[7] Neue Rheinische Zeitung (New Rhine Gazette ) -- a daily published in Cologne from June 1, 1848, to May 19, 1849, which was the militant organ of the proletarian wing of the democratic movement. Marx was its editor-in-chief; Marx and Engels wrote leading articles which determined its attitude to the principal problems of the revolution in Germany and Europe. After the defeat of the German revolution the paper ceased publication. Lenin said that the Neue Rheinische Zeitung "to this very day remains the best and the unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat". (V. I. Lenin, Karl Marx, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1974, p. 50.)    [p.3]

  ^[8] Engels described these events in his "The Campaign for the Imperial Constitution in Germany", in Marx and Engels, Works, Ger. ed., Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1960, Vol. 7, pp. 109-97.    [p.3]

  ^[9] Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-okonomische Revue (New Rhine Gazette. Political and Economic Review ) -- a journal projected by Marx and Engels late in 1849 and published in the course of 1850. It was the theoretical and political organ of the Communist League, continuing the work of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published by Marx and Engels during the revolution of 1848-49. Altogether six issues appeared, from March to November 1850. Most of the contributions were by Marx and Engels. They included Marx's "The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850" and Engels' "The Campaign for the Imperial Constitution in

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Germany" and "The Peasant War in Germany". These writings summed up the revolution of 1848-49 and formulated further the theory and tactics of the revolutionary proletarian party.    [p.3]

  ^[10] Der Volksstaat (The People's State ) was the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers), published in Leipzig from October 2, 1869 to September 29, 1876. It was ceaselessly persecuted by the Government and the police for its courageous revolutionary position. While its general direction was in the hands of Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, who had charge of the Volksstaat publishing house, exerted a big influence on its character.
    Marx and Engels were in close contact with the editors and regularly contributed articles. They attached immense importance to the newspaper and by criticizing it for its errors helped to keep it on the right track.
    On October 1, 1876, by the decision of the Gotha Congress of the same year, the Volksstaat and the Neue Sozialdemokrat (The New Social-Democrat ) were fused into Vowärts (Forward ).    [p.3]

  ^[11] Der Sozialdemokrat (The Social-Democrat ) was the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party, published weekly during the period when the Anti-Socialist Law was in force. It appeared in Zurich from September 1879 to September 1888, and in London from October 1888 to September 27, 1890. Both Marx and Engels fought against the errors of its editorial board and helped the paper to carry out the proletarian line of the Party.    [p.5]

  ^[12] The English edition of Engels' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, for which he wrote this introduction, appeared in London in 1892. To that edition, translated by Edward Aveling, Engels appended his article, "The Mark", written in 1882.
    In June 1892 Engels translated this introduction into German. It was then published in Die Neue Zeit, Nos. 1 and 2, 1892, under the heading "On Historical Materialism". The editors omitted the first seven paragraphs from the introduction, on the grounds, stated in a footnote, that their contents were either well-known to German readers or of no interest to them.
    Various parts of the introduction appeared in French in Le Socialiste, on December 4, 11 and 25, 1892, and January 1 and 9, 1893.    [p.11]

  ^[13] Eugen Dühring, A Course of Philosophy, Leipzig, 1875; A Course of Political and Social Economy, 2nd ed., Ldpzig, 1876; A Critical History of Political Economy and Socialism, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1875.    [p.12]

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  ^[14] Nominalism was a mediaeval philosophical trend according to which universal terms and all general collective words are only names of individual objects.    [p.15]

  ^[15] Qualitatively alike particles, or qualitatively original particles, containing an infinity of smaller particles. According to Anaxagoras all existing things are made up of various combinations of homoiomeriae.    [p.15]

  ^[16] Theism is the religious doctrine asserting the existence of a personal supernatural deity. Deism rejects the existence of a personal deity but asserts the existence of an impersonal one.    [p.18]

  ^[17] Franz von Sickingen was a German knight who joined the Reformation and who was the military and political leader of the lower nobility's insurrection in 1522-23. For Marx's and Engels' evaluation of von Sickingen and the uprising of 1522-23, see Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, no date, pp. 138-43, and Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, Lawrence and Wishart, London, pp. 96-102; for Engels' detailed analysis of the Peasants' War, see ibid., pp. 102-57.    [p.26]

  ^[18] For Marx's evaluation of "the Glorious Revolution", see Marx and Engels, On Britain, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1954, pp. 34-48.    [p.27]

  ^[19] Katheder Socialism was a bourgeois ideological trend, particularly in the sphere of bourgeois economics, which originated in Germany between 1870 and 1890. The Katheder Socialists were mainly liberal professors who used their university chairs (the German word for university chair is Katheder ) to preach bourgeois reformist theories under the cloak of socialism. They asserted that the bourgeois state was above classes and they denied class struggle. Katheder Socialism was one of the sources of revisionism.    [p.38]

  ^[20] Münzer (around 1490-1525) was a revolutionary, leader and ideologist of the radical peasant-plebeian wing during the Reformation and the Peasants' War. He propagated utopian, egalitarian communism.
    As for the Levellers, Engels here obviously has in mind the True Levellers and the egalitarian Diggers, who constituted the extreme left wing of the Levellers.
    Babeuf (1760-97) was a utopian communist and the theorist and leader of the "Conspiracy of Equals".    [p.48]

  ^[21] Lettres d'un habitant de Genève à ses contemporains (Letters of a Resident of Geneva to His Contemporaries ) is Saint-Simon's first work;

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it was written in Geneva in 1802 and published anonymously in Paris in 1803.
    The first work of importance by Charles Fourier was Théorie des quetre mouvements et des destinées générales (Theory of the Four Movements and Destinies in General ), written early in the 19th century and published anonymously in Lyons in 1808 (the title page gives Leipzig as the place of publication, apparently for censorship reasons).
    New Lanark -- a cotton mill with a workers' settlement near the town of Lanark, Scotland; it was founded in the early 1780s.    [p.51]

  ^[22] "Lettres d'un habitant de Genève à ses contemporains" in OEuvres de Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon, Editions Anthropos, Paris, 1966, Vol. I, Book I, p. 55 and pp. 41-42.    [p.54]

  ^[23] The eighth letter in the series: "Lettres de Henri Saint-Simon a un Americain". Ibid., Vol. I, Book II, p. 186.    [p.54]

  ^[24] Engels is referring to the two pamphlets co-authored by Saint Simon and A. Thierry: "De la réorganisation de la société Européenne . . ." and "Opinion sur les mesures à prendre contre la coalition de 1815". The first was written in October 1814, the second in May 1815. Ibid., Vol. I, Book I, pp. 153-218 and Vol. VI, pp. 353-79.    [p.54]

  ^[25] See Fourier's statement in his first book, Théorie des quatre mouvements: "As a general thesis, social progress and changes in a period take place by reason of the progress of women towards freedom, and the decay of the social system takes place by reason of the decrease in women's freedom." From this he draws the following conclusion: "The extension of the rights of women is the basic principle of all social progress." (Fourier, Textes choisis, edited by F. Armand, Editions Sociales, Paris, 1953, p. 124.)    [p.55]

  ^[26] Ibid., pp. 64-65 and 70.    [p.56]

  ^[27] Ibid., pp. 95 and 105. For the "vicious circle" of civilization, see pp. 104 and 129-30.    [p.56]

  ^[28] Ibid., pp. 66-67.    [p.56]

  ^[29] See A. L. Morton, The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1962, p. 80.    [p.59]

  ^[30] Robert Owen. "Report of the Proceedings at the Several Public Meetings, Held in Dublin . . . on the 18th March, l2th April, 19th April and 3rd May", Dublin, 1823.    [p.59]

  ^[31] An Act, introduced on Owen's initiative in June 1815, was passed by Parliament only in July 1819 after it had been emasculated. The Act regulating labour at cotton mills banned the employment of children

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under the age of nine and limited the working day to 12 hours for persons under 16. Since Owen's proposal to appoint salaried factory inspectors was defeated, the Act became a dead letter.    [p.60]

  ^[32] In October 1833 Owen presided over a congress of co-operative societies and trade unions in London, which led to the formation of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in February 1834. The Union's membership grew to half a million in a few weeks. It was Owen's intention that it would take over the management of production and remake society peacefully. This utopian plan collapsed very quickly. In face of powerful opposition from bourgeois society and the state, the Union ceased to exist in August 1834.    [p.60]

  ^[33] Equitable Labour Exchange Bazaars were founded by workers' co-operatives in various parts of England; Owen opened the National Equitable Labour Exchange Bazaar in London in September 1832 and it existed until mid-1834.
    Proudhon made an attempt to organize the Banque du Peuple in Paris in January 1849. It existed for about two months, but only on paper, as it failed before it began to function.    [p.61]

  ^[34] For an English translation of Le Neveu de Rameau, see Diderot, Rameau's Nepbew and D'Alembert's Dream, translated by L. W. Tancock, Penguin Books, 1966; for an English translation of Discourse on tbe Origin of Inequality Among Men, see Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses, translated by G. D. H. Cole, J. M. Dent, Everyman Library.    [p.63]

  ^[35] The Alexandrian period or science dates from the third century B. C. Its name derives from the Egyptian port of Alexandria, which was a major centre of international trade. The first two centuries of the Alexandrian age witnessed the rapid advance of mathematics and mechanics (Euclid, Archimedes), astronomy, anatomy, physiology, geography and other sciences.    [p.64]

  ^[36] The wars of the 17th and the 18th century between the major European powers for hegemony in the trade with India, the East Indies and America and for the seizure of colonial markets. At first the principal rivals were England and Holland (the Anglo-Dutch wars of 1652-54, 1664-67 and 1672-74 were typical commercial wars), and later England and France. England won these wars, and towards the close of the 18th century almost the whole of world trade was concentrated in her hands.    [p.83]

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  ^[37] A "free people's state": this slogan is criticized in Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme (FLP, Peking, 1972, pp. 26-29), Engels' letter to Bebel of March 18-28, 1875 (ibid., pp. 42-43), and Lenin's The State and Revolution (FLP, Peking, 1970, pp. 21-22 and 76-79).    [p.94]

  ^[38] Robert Giffen, "Recent Accumulations of Capital in the United Kingdom", Journal of the Statistical Society, London, Vol. 16, 1878.    [p.97]