ON MARX

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  ^[1] Rheinische Zeitung für Politik, Handel und Gewerbe (Rhine Gazette, for Politics, Trade and Industry ) -- a daily published in Cologne from January 1, 1847 to March 31, 1843. It was founded by members of the bourgeoisie in the Rhine Province who were opposed to Prussian absolutism. Marx became a contributor in April 1845 and chief editor in the following October. Its revolutionary and democratic character became more pronounced under his editorship. The government established a specially strict censorship over the paper, and subsequently closed it down.    [p.1]

  ^[2] Regierungspräsident -- in Prussia, the regional representative of the central executive.    [p.2]

  ^[3] Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (German-French Yearbooks ) -- a German publication edited by Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge. Actually, only one issue, a double number, came out in February 1844. In addition to Marx's "Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung" ("A Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction"), the issue contained other essays by Marx and Engels, which marked the authors' adoption of a materialist and communist standpoint.    [p.2]

  ^[4] Here Engels refers to the order to deport Marx and other contributors to Vorwärts! issued by the French Government on January 16, 1845 under the pressure of the Prussian Government.    [p.2]

  ^[5] The German Workers' Association was founded by Marx and Engels towards the end of August 1847. Its aim was the politcal education of German workers living in Belgium and the propagation of scientific communism.    [p.3]

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  ^[6] The Communist League was the first international organization of the revolutionary proletariat, founded in the summer of 1847 in London at a congress of delegates from proletarian revolutionary organizations. The League was organized and guided by Marx and Engels, who on its instructions wrote its programme -- the Manifesto of the Communist Party. The League existed until 1852. Later its foremost members played a leading part in the First International. See Engels' article "On the History of the Communist League" (Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 306-23).    [p.3]

  ^[7] Deutsche-Brusseler-Zeitung (German Brussels Gazette ) -- a paper founded by German political emigrants in Brussels, published from January 1847 to February 1848. Originally its guiding line was determined by the publisher and editor Adalbert von Bornstedt, a petty-bourgeois democrat, who sought to reconcile the various trends among the radical and democratic parties. However, under the influence of Marx and Engels and their comrades-in-arms, from the summer of 1847 the paper increasingly became a mouthpiece for revolutionary-democratic and communist ideas. From September 1847 on, Marx and Engels were regular contributors and exerted a strong influence on editorial policy. In the last months of 1847 the paper was actually guided by them and became the organ of the Communist League.    [p.4]

  ^[8] Neue Rheinische Zeitung (New Rhine Gazette ) -- a daily published in Cologne from June 1, 1848, to May 19, 1849, which was the militant organ of the proletarian wing of the democratic movement. Marx was its editor-in-chief; Marx and Engels wrote leading articles which determined its attitude to the principal problems of the revolution in Germany and Europe. After the defeat of the German revolution the paper ceased publication. Lenin said that the Neue Rheinische Zeitung "to this very day remains the best and the unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat." (V. I. Lenin, Karl Marx, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1974, p. 50.)    [p.4]

  ^[9] Kreuz-Zeitung (Gazette of the Cross ) -- a name used for the German daily the Neue Preussische Zeitung (New Prussian Gazette ), because its masthead bore a cross, the emblem of the Landwehr, the military reserves. Published in Berlin from June 1848, it was the organ of the counter-revolutionary court camarilla and the Prussian Junkers.    [p.4]

  ^[10] Chimborazo -- one of the highest peaks of the Andes Mountains in South America.    [p.4]

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  ^[11] On June 13, 1849, the petty-bourgeois party of Montagnards organized a peaceful demonstration in Paris to protest against the dispatch of French troops to Italy to suppress the revolution in violation of the Constitution of the French Republic which prohibited the sending of French forces abroad to interfere with the freedom of foreign peoples. The demonstration was dispersed by troops. Its failure testified to the bankruptcy of French petty-bourgeois democracy. From that day, the French authorities launched persecutions of democrats, including foreigners residing in France.    [p.5]

  ^[12] Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue (New Rhine Gazette. Political and Economic Review ) -- a journal projected by Marx and Engels late in 1849 and published in the course of 1850. It was the theoretical and political organ of the Communist League, continuing the work of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published by Marx and Engels during the revolution of 1848-49. Altogether six issues appeared, from March to November 1850. Most of the contributions were by Marx and Engels. They included Marx's "The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850" and Engels' "The Campaign for the Imperial Constitution in Germany" and "The Peasant War in Germany." These writings summed up the revolution of 1848-49 and formulated further the theory and tactics of the revolutionary proletarian party.    [p.5]

  ^[13] New York Daily Tribune -- an American newspaper published from 1841 to 1924. Marx was a contributor from August 1851 to March 1862. At Marx's request, many of the articles were written by Engels.    [p.6]

  ^[14] Das Volk (The People ) -- a German-language weekly which appeared in London between May and August 1859. It was set up as the official organ of the London Communist Educational Society of German Workers. Marx was a close collaborator from the second issue and soon became the actual editor.    [p.6]

  ^[15] The December Empire refers to Second Empire of France (1852-70) set up in December 2, 1852 and headed by Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon III).    [p.7]

  ^[16] Papiers et correspondance de la famille impériale (Papers and Letters of the Imperial Family ). Tome I-II, Paris, 1870-1871.    [p.7]

  ^[17] The International Working Men's Association, known as the First International, was formed by Marx, in London, in the autumn of 1864. Headed by Marx and Engels, it guided the economic and political struggles of theworkers of different countries, fought vigorously against Proudhonism, Bakuninism, trade-unionism, Lassaleaism and other anti-

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Marxist trends, and strengthened the international solidarity of the workers. After the Hague Congress of the First International in 1872 it practically ceased to exist and in 1876 prociaimed itself dissolved. The historical importance of the First International is, as Lenin put it, that "it laid the foundation of the international organization of the workers in order to prepare for their revolutionary onslaught on capital."    [p.7]

  ^[18] The Hague Congress of the International Working Men's Association was held between September 2 and 7, 1872. Compared with several previous congresses, it was the most broadly representative. The 65 delegates from 15 national organizations attending included Marx and Engels, who directed its entire work. This Congress marked the culmination of the struggle which Marx, Engels and their comrades-in-arms had waged for many years against various kinds of petty-bourgeois sectarianism in the working-class movement. It condemned the splitting activities of the anarchists and expelled their leaders from the International. The decisions of the Hague Congress paved the way for the founding of independent political parties of the working class in a number of countries.    [p.8]

  ^[19] In the nineteenth century the so-called six European powers were Russia, Germany, Austria, England, France and Italy.    [p.8]

  ^[20] A reference to the violent and profound economic crisis of 1873, which swept the capitalist countries of Europe and America.    [p.12]

  ^[21] Speech originally delivered in English by Engels at Highgate Cemetery, London, on March 17, 1883. Published in German in the Sozialdemokrat on March 22, 1883. The version here is based on the newspaper text, with title added by editor.    [p.16]

  ^[22] Vorwärts! (Forward! ) -- a German-language biweekly issued in Paris from January to December 1844. Marx and Engels were among the contributors. Influenced by Marx, who became one of the editors in the summer of the same year, the paper began to assume a communist character and launched vigorous attacks against Prussian reaction. On the demand of the Prussian Government, the Guizot cabinet deported Marx and other contributors to Vorwärts! from France in January 1845. As a result, the paper ceased publication.    [p.18]

  ^[23] This refers to Eleanor, youngest daughter of Karl Marx.    [p.20]

  ^[24] This refers to Jenny Longuet, Marx's eldest daughter, who died on January 11, 1883.    [p.20]